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Lịch sử thành phố Lviv
31 Jul, 2018
chỉ trong 3 năm 1914-1917, 7 lần thay đổi chế độ, là chiến trường của nga, đức, ukraine, ba lan,...; giờ là một phần của ukraine,
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In the twentieth century, L’viv…, now a city in Ukraine, experienced war not just once but many times. Between 1914 and 1947, the city went through seven regime changes (thay đổi chế độ) and was shelled (bị nã pháo) by Russian, Ukrainian, German, and Soviet artillery (pháo) and bombed (bom) by German and Soviet planes (máy bay).
In November 1918, Poles and Ukrainians fought one another for control (kiểm soát) of the city. Twnety-five years later, both sides were prepared to battle it out again. During the same period, the city’s Jewish population lived through several pogroms (cuộc tàn sát người Do thái (dưới thời Sa hoàng); cuộc hành quyết (vì tôn giáo, chủng tộc)) and experienced repeated bouts (đợt) of anti-Semitic (bài Do thái) violence (bạo lực) up until the time when almost all of Jews of L’viv were murdered (giết) by Nazi Germany.
After World War II, the Soviet government forced the Polish population to leave the city…In 1914 half of the city’s population was Roman Catholic (mostly Poles), 28 percent were Jewish, and 18 percent were Greek Catholic (about two-thirds of them Ruthenians/Ukrainians). By 1947, L’viv had become an almost homogeneously (đồng nhất, thuần nhất) Ukrainian city…Approximately 80 percent of the city’s’ inhabitants had arrived during or after the war (hậu chiến).
That is all from p.1 of Christoph Mick’s study of L’viv.
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Known as Lemberg in German and Lwów in Polish, the city of L’viv in modern Ukraine was in the crosshairs of imperial and national aspirations for much of the twentieth century. This book tells the compelling story of how its inhabitants (Roman Catholic Poles, Greek Catholic Ukrainians, and Jews) reacted to the sweeping political changes during and after World Wars I and II. The Eastern Front shifted back and forth, and the city changed hands seven times. At the end of each war, L'viv found itself in the hands of a different state. While serious tensions had existed among Poles, Ukrainians/Ruthenians, and Jews in the city, before 1914 eruptions of violence were still infrequent.
The changes of political control over the city during World War I led to increased intergroup frictions (bất đồng, xích mích, va chạm), new power relations, and episodes of shocking violence, particularly against Jews. The city’s incorporation (sáp nhập vào) into the independent Polish Republic in November 1918 after a brief period of Ukrainian rule sparked (khuấy động) intensified conflict. Ukrainians faced discrimination (phân biệt đối xử) and political repression (đàn áp chính trị) under the new government (chính quyền mới), and Ukrainian nationalists (dân tộc chủ nghĩa) attacked the Polish state. In the 1930s, anti-Semitism increased sharply.
During World War II, the city experienced first Soviet rule, then Nazi occupation, and finally Soviet conquest (chinh phục, chinh phạt). The Nazis deported (trục xuất) and murdered nearly all of the city’s large Jewish population, and at the end of the war the Soviet forces expelled the city’s Polish inhabitants.
Based on archival research conducted in L’viv, Kiev, Warsaw, Vienna, Berlin, and Moscow, as well as an array of contemporary printed sources and scholarly studies, this book examines how the inhabitants of the city reacted to the changes in political control (kiểm soát chính trị), and how ethnic and national ideologies (tư tưởng dân tộc và quốc gia) shaped (định hình) their dealings with each other.
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