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...Under rules that China introduced in 2021, companies must divulge (tiết lộ) every ingredient in their products and the precise quantities used. They must upload to a Chinese database the addresses of all ingredient suppliers (nhà cung cấp nguyên liệu) as well as where the ingredients are assembled (tập hợp). Foreign companies fear that divulging those details could allow low-cost Chinese manufacturers to copy their products.

One of the most contested Chinese mandates is that many products, such as hair dyes (thuốc nhuộm tóc) or sun creams (kem chống nắng), must be tested (kiểm nghiệm) on live animals before they can be sold to Chinese consumers — a practice that many global cosmetics companies have stopped.

...China is the second-largest beauty market in the world, trailing only the United States. Yet doing business there has long been difficult for foreign companies.

...China still requires animal testing for “special cosmetics,” (mỹ phẩm đặc biệt) which include products with sunscreen or antiperspirant as well as products like hair dye or skin lightener. According to Jason Baker, senior vice president for PETA Asia, these animal tests include forcing animals to swallow or inhale (hít) a test substance (chất thử nghiệm) or applications (bôi) to their skin or eyes. Rabbits, guinea pigs (chuột bạch) and mice are most commonly used.

Michelle Thew, the chief executive of Cruelty Free International, an advocacy group, added that China topped the list of countries using animals in testing and research for a variety of purposes (nhiều mục đích khác nhau) — about 20 million animals annually