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The discriminatory (phân biệt đối xử) effects of lookism are pervasive (tràn lan). Attractive economists are more likely to study at high-ranked graduate programs and their papers are cited more often than papers from their less attractive peers. One study found that when unattractive criminals (tội phạm) committed a moderate misdemeanor (tội nhẹ), their fines (khoản phạt) were about four times as large as those of attractive criminals.

Daniel Hamermesh, a leading scholar in this field, observed that an American worker who is among the bottom one-seventh in looks earns about 10 to 15 percent less a year than one in the top third. An unattractive person misses out on nearly a quarter-million dollars in earnings (thu nhập) over a lifetime (trong suốt cuộc đời).

The overall effect of these biases is vast. One 2004 study found that more people report being discriminated (bị phân biệt đối xử) against because of their looks than because of their ethnicity (chủng tộc).

In a study published in the current issue of the American Journal of Sociology, Ellis P. Monk Jr., Michael H. Esposito and Hedwig Lee report that the earnings gap between people perceived as attractive and unattractive rivals or exceeds the earnings gap between white and Black adults. They find the attractiveness curve (đường cong) is especially punishing (trừng phạt) for Black women. Those who meet the socially dominant criteria for beauty see an earnings boost; those who don’t earn on average just 63 cents to the dollar of those who do.